I am definitely not an expert in the Windows space, but one possibility may be using Kerberos. I know many Windows shops set up Kerberos integration with RStudio Server Pro, because Kerberos tickets can be used to interface with a Windows Server (or other Windows infrastructure) and pass appropriate privileges / permissions.
One note is that you would generally just not want to use such a network share for the users' home directories, as I believe we have seen some issues using CIFS / Samba for home directories on RStudio Server Pro. But mounts elsewhere on the filesystem and passing the permissions accordingly should be possible! Unfortunately, I am not especially familiar with specifics of the integration between the Windows Server / share and the linux operating system.