Climate data tends a little bit more toward Python than R, but here're a few packages that are specifically designed for accessing or working with climate data:
-
rnoaa: access a whole bunch of NOAA datasets
-
rdwd: access German weather data
-
climpact2: calculate climate extremes indices (shameless plug: this one is from my centre
)
Most climate data (observations, model output, reanalysis) is in the NetCDF format (.nc), so I'd grab some packages for working NetCDFs, like ncdf4 and tidync. Once you have those, there's a whole world of climate data out there—so much I'd have to ask you to be more specific 