One way would be to use the mutate function from the dplyr package to change the column. You could then recode the values with the recode function (also from dplyr) in the following way.
df <- data.frame("Year" = c(2021,2021,2021),
"Value" = c(358,723,287),
"Country" = c("FR","USA","IE"))
#install.packages("dplyr") #if you don't have dplyr
library(dplyr)
#>
#> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#>
#> filter, lag
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#>
#> intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
mutate(df,
Country = recode(Country,
"FR" = "France",
"USA" = "United States",
"IE" = "Ireland"))
#> Year Value Country
#> 1 2021 358 France
#> 2 2021 723 United States
#> 3 2021 287 Ireland