If you can convert the data into another format then you have some options.
For large data you could consider a database: https://db.rstudio.com/
For csv files, data.table::fread should be quick. Other options are the feather or fst packages with their own file formats.
However, bear in mind that you will need to store the data in RAM, so unless you have at least ca.64GB of RAM this will not work and you will require a database. There are some workarounds to read data from disk when there is insufficient RAM but I have not used these and so cannot comment on them.