They are equivalent.
The only difference in your code is that you've assigned the piped example but not assigned the nested one.
I also assume here...
... you'll be using "ToothGrowth" rather than "x"?
See the code below which demonstrates that these are equivalent:
library(tidyverse)
# Nested
nested <- arrange(filter(ToothGrowth, dose == 0.5), len)
# Pipe
piped <- ToothGrowth %>%
filter(dose == 0.5) %>%
arrange(len)
# Compare
nested == piped
#> len supp dose
#> [1,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [2,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [3,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [4,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [5,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [6,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [7,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [8,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [9,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [10,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [11,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [12,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [13,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [14,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [15,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [16,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [17,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [18,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [19,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#> [20,] TRUE TRUE TRUE
Created on 2022-03-05 by the reprex package (v2.0.1)