rename() is for renaming columns not values from a column. There are several ways to accomplish this task, this is one of them.
library(dplyr)
library(stringr)
# Sample data in a copy/paste friendly format. Replace this with your own data frame
Base <- data.frame(
PAIS_ORIGEN = "AR - ARGENTINA",
PAIS_PROCEDENCIA = "BR - BRAZIL"
)
#Relevant code
Base %>%
mutate(across(c(PAIS_ORIGEN, PAIS_PROCEDENCIA), ~ str_remove(.x, "^.{2}\\s-\\s")))
#> PAIS_ORIGEN PAIS_PROCEDENCIA
#> 1 ARGENTINA BRAZIL