I am getting the exact same error even on ubuntu 18.
$ sudo gdebi rstudio-server-1.3.1056-amd64.deb
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Reading state information... Done
RStudio Server
RStudio is a set of integrated tools designed to help you be more productive with R. It includes a console, syntax-highlighting editor that supports direct code execution, as well as tools for plotting, history, and workspace management.
Do you want to install the software package? [y/N]:y
(Reading database ... 212726 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack rstudio-server-1.3.1056-amd64.deb ...
Unpacking rstudio-server (1.3.1056) over (1.3.1056) ...
Setting up rstudio-server (1.3.1056) ...
useradd: user 'rstudio-server' already exists
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/rstudio-server.service → /lib/systemd/system/rstudio-server.service.
Job for rstudio-server.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status rstudio-server.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
● rstudio-server.service - RStudio Server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/rstudio-server.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: activating (auto-restart) (Result: exit-code) since Tue 2020-07-21 09:50:14 UTC; 99ms ago
Process: 3061 ExecStart=/usr/lib/rstudio-server/bin/rserver **(code=exited, status=127)**
Also
$ systemctl status rstudio-server.service
**●** rstudio-server.service - RStudio Server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/rstudio-server.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: **failed** (Result: exit-code) since Tue 2020-07-21 09:50:14 UTC; 28min ago
Process: 3061 ExecStart=/usr/lib/rstudio-server/bin/rserver **(code=exited, status=127)**
rstudio-server.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
rstudio-server.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 5.
Stopped RStudio Server.
**rstudio-server.service: Start request repeated too quickly.**
**rstudio-server.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.**
**Failed to start RStudio Server.**