FYI I had a similar issue on Windows 10 since the latest windows update and the preview version fixed it.
I was using the release version IDE fine last week, but since the update it didn't start (even after following troubleshooting advice resetting state and reinstalling).
Windows log gave :
Faulting application name: rstudio.exe, version: 1.1.463.0, time stamp: 0x5bd10db6
Faulting module name: rstudio.exe, version: 1.1.463.0, time stamp: 0x5bd10db6
Exception code: 0x40000015