You are looking for the group aesthetic and you need to use position dodge to put bar next to another.
Look at documentation for example of position_dodge()
one possible answer if you don't want to try yourself
tab <- tibble::tribble(
~Family, ~Moon, ~Residuo,
"Epinephelidae", "crescente", 52.893,
"Epinephelidae", "cheia", 47.021,
"Epinephelidae", "minguante", 0.043,
"Epinephelidae", "nova", 0.043,
"Lutjanidae", "crescente", -1.248,
"Lutjanidae", "cheia", 2.635,
"Lutjanidae", "minguante", -0.139,
"Lutjanidae", "nova", -1.248
)
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(tab, aes(x = Moon, y = Residuo)) +
geom_col(aes(group = Family), position = "dodge", fill = "lightblue") +
theme_classic()

Created on 2019-01-25 by the reprex package (v0.2.1)