macOS is sensitive to problems such as these that can arise when updating one of three components, in this case RStudio, that have to work together.
The immediate problem is a file, png.so that is installed as part of R. Internally, it is calling something called inflateValidate that is missing from its universe.
This could be due to several reasons, but the most likely is that your macOS version is too old (such as Sierra).
Could you tell me your versions of macOS and, if possible, XCode and Quartz?