Edit: Made an extra key for Rstudio.exe and it worked. Here is a download link for the dump file. Hope it helps to find the culprit.
Thank you very much for providing registry keys, and sorry I did not come back earlier.
Below is a WER report from trying to launch RStudio after restart, if this is of any use. Although the registry now features a LocalDumps key, it did not generate a minidump, unfortunately. The minidump folder only contains one unrelated dump from last year.
Version=1
EventType=APPCRASH
EventTime=131798583829216772
ReportType=2
Consent=1
UploadTime=131798583830270109
ReportIdentifier=589dd2f7-aa10-11e8-9912-5065f33b3c1c
IntegratorReportIdentifier=fb3c8fef-8e48-4bdc-8556-38cb24298335
WOW64=1
NsAppName=rstudio.exe
AppSessionGuid=00002d50-0001-0086-20c3-7f161d3ed401
TargetAppId=W:00064b742efb20a597728060faf1b91d582200000904!0000810fc76e8dbc2f7474f0a828ce53e529215457e7!rstudio.exe
TargetAppVer=2018//07//16:22:29:07!83ad3a!rstudio.exe
BootId=4294967295
Response.BucketId=c0a4c21406d6aae476f27e60945f420b
Response.BucketTable=1
Response.LegacyBucketId=1653522966469624331
Response.type=4
Sig[0].Name=Application Name
Sig[0].Value=rstudio.exe
Sig[1].Name=Application Version
Sig[1].Value=1.1.456.0
Sig[2].Name=Application Timestamp
Sig[2].Value=5b4d1c33
Sig[3].Name=Fault Module Name
Sig[3].Value=rstudio.exe
Sig[4].Name=Fault Module Version
Sig[4].Value=1.1.456.0
Sig[5].Name=Fault Module Timestamp
Sig[5].Value=5b4d1c33
Sig[6].Name=Exception Code
Sig[6].Value=40000015
Sig[7].Name=Exception Offset
Sig[7].Value=000c23f0
DynamicSig[1].Name=OS Version
DynamicSig[1].Value=10.0.14393.2.0.0.256.121
DynamicSig[2].Name=Locale ID
DynamicSig[2].Value=3072
DynamicSig[22].Name=Additional Information 1
DynamicSig[22].Value=67a6
DynamicSig[23].Name=Additional Information 2
DynamicSig[23].Value=67a61580625093a34b43dcf49ceed5f7
DynamicSig[24].Name=Additional Information 3
DynamicSig[24].Value=9065
DynamicSig[25].Name=Additional Information 4
DynamicSig[25].Value=9065914d4e4b3dcb98e161cbc3097335
UI[2]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\rstudio.exe
UI[3]=RStudio has stopped working
UI[4]=Windows can check online for a solution to the problem.
UI[5]=Check online for a solution and close the program
UI[6]=Check online for a solution later and close the program
UI[7]=Close the program
LoadedModule[0]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\rstudio.exe
LoadedModule[1]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
LoadedModule[2]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\KERNEL32.DLL
LoadedModule[3]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\KERNELBASE.dll
LoadedModule[4]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\ADVAPI32.dll
LoadedModule[5]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Core.dll
LoadedModule[6]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Gui.dll
LoadedModule[7]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Network.dll
LoadedModule[8]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\msvcrt.dll
LoadedModule[9]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\sechost.dll
LoadedModule[10]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\RPCRT4.dll
LoadedModule[11]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\SspiCli.dll
LoadedModule[12]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\CRYPTBASE.dll
LoadedModule[13]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\bcryptPrimitives.dll
LoadedModule[14]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\CRYPT32.dll
LoadedModule[15]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\GDI32.dll
LoadedModule[16]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\ucrtbase.dll
LoadedModule[17]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\gdi32full.dll
LoadedModule[18]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\USER32.dll
LoadedModule[19]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\MSASN1.dll
LoadedModule[20]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\win32u.dll
LoadedModule[21]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\WS2_32.dll
LoadedModule[22]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\ole32.dll
LoadedModule[23]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5PrintSupport.dll
LoadedModule[24]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\combase.dll
LoadedModule[25]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\OLEAUT32.dll
LoadedModule[26]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\msvcp_win.dll
LoadedModule[27]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\SHELL32.dll
LoadedModule[28]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\cfgmgr32.dll
LoadedModule[29]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\windows.storage.dll
LoadedModule[30]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\powrprof.dll
LoadedModule[31]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\shlwapi.dll
LoadedModule[32]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\kernel.appcore.dll
LoadedModule[33]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\shcore.dll
LoadedModule[34]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\profapi.dll
LoadedModule[35]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5WebKit.dll
LoadedModule[36]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\COMDLG32.DLL
LoadedModule[37]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5WebKitWidgets.dll
LoadedModule[38]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Widgets.dll
LoadedModule[39]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\DNSAPI.DLL
LoadedModule[40]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\NSI.dll
LoadedModule[41]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\libgcc_s_dw2-1.dll
LoadedModule[42]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\libstdc++-6.dll
LoadedModule[43]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\VERSION.dll
LoadedModule[44]=C:\WINDOWS\WinSxS\x86_microsoft.windows.common-controls_6595b64144ccf1df_5.82.14393.447_none_5507ded2cb4f7f4c\COMCTL32.dll
LoadedModule[45]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\WINSPOOL.DRV
LoadedModule[46]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5OpenGL.dll
LoadedModule[47]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Multimedia.dll
LoadedModule[48]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5MultimediaWidgets.dll
LoadedModule[49]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Sensors.dll
LoadedModule[50]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\libwinpthread-1.dll
LoadedModule[51]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\bcrypt.dll
LoadedModule[52]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\OPENGL32.DLL
LoadedModule[53]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\GLU32.dll
LoadedModule[54]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\DDRAW.dll
LoadedModule[55]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\DCIMAN32.dll
LoadedModule[56]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\WINMM.DLL
LoadedModule[57]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\icuin53.dll
LoadedModule[58]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\icuuc53.dll
LoadedModule[59]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Sql.dll
LoadedModule[60]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Qml.dll
LoadedModule[61]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Quick.dll
LoadedModule[62]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5Positioning.dll
LoadedModule[63]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\Qt5WebChannel.dll
LoadedModule[64]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\WINMMBASE.dll
LoadedModule[65]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\MPR.DLL
LoadedModule[66]=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\icudt53.dll
LoadedModule[67]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\IMM32.DLL
LoadedModule[68]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\IPHLPAPI.DLL
LoadedModule[69]=C:\WINDOWS\system32\uxtheme.dll
LoadedModule[70]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\MSCTF.dll
LoadedModule[71]=C:\Program Files (x86)\TeamViewer\tv_w32.dll
LoadedModule[72]=C:\WINDOWS\system32\dwmapi.dll
LoadedModule[73]=C:\Program Files (x86)\WordWeb\WHook.dll
LoadedModule[74]=C:\WINDOWS\System32\PSAPI.DLL
LoadedModule[75]=C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\OLEACC.dll
State[0].Key=Transport.DoneStage1
State[0].Value=1
FriendlyEventName=Stopped working
ConsentKey=APPCRASH
AppName=RStudio
AppPath=C:\Program Files\RStudio\bin\rstudio.exe
NsPartner=windows
NsGroup=windows8
ApplicationIdentity=0DFDCE5D8DAA22DA620868189DF3A510
MetadataHash=713325709