Ryan,
I think you have received good advice already and are on the right track with the tidyverse (I would include the tidyquant package, which was built by Davis Vaughan, one of your responders, and Matt Dancho). My reason for responding to this post is to speak to the question more generally.
As a CPA with Big 4 public company accounting and auditing experience, I think there is a HUGE opportunity for R to transform accounting/bookkeeping. The poster jlacko mentioned that R would be a poor fit for following a set of simple input tasks following hard coded "arcane" rules. However, I would argue programming is exactly the type of tool you would deploy to automate "arcane rules" such as those found in accounting and bookkeeping. That's why companies like Xero exist.
What's more, you have companies like Deloitte, PwC, KPMG and EY exploring how blockchain and programming languages like R and python can revolutionize the audit cycle. Suddenly, low risk transactions for an audit, such as expense classification, become a simple automated exercise for a machine learning or deep learning algorithm to execute with incredible accuracy and efficiency. And, if the algorithm is deployed by the company rather than the auditors, all that the auditors would have to do is audit the algorithm to ensure it is doing the right things. Then, they wouldn't have to audit a subset of the transactions in order to provide assurance that the company's financial statements are not misstated or misclassified. The time and cost savings are immense, and some companies already know this.
My guess as to why there are no fully developed packages for what you're looking for, other than the more general purpose data manipulation and analysis packages found in the tidyverse, is that there is little overlap between people who know accounting rules well and programming languages well.
Keep your eyes open, though. What you are ultimately looking for is coming from somewhere, I'm sure. It'll be here before you know it.