I am getting a similar startup issue on Ubuntu 16.04 running Cinnamon desktop.
$ rstudio
QApplication: invalid style override passed, ignoring it.
WebEngineContext used before QtWebEngine::initialize() or OpenGL context creation failed.
Failed to create OpenGL context for format QSurfaceFormat(version 2.0, options QFlags<QSurfaceFormat::FormatOption>(), depthBufferSize 24, redBufferSize -1, greenBufferSize -1, blueBufferSize -1, alphaBufferSize -1, stencilBufferSize 8, samples 0, swapBehavior QSurfaceFormat::SwapBehavior(DefaultSwapBehavior), swapInterval 1, colorSpace QSurfaceFormat::ColorSpace(DefaultColorSpace), profile QSurfaceFormat::OpenGLContextProfile(NoProfile))
Received signal 6
#0 0x7f98d65600a5 <unknown>
#1 0x7f98d52a1141 <unknown>
#2 0x7f98d656043d <unknown>
#3 0x7f98d4989390 <unknown>
#4 0x7f98d2e6b428 gsignal
#5 0x7f98d2e6d02a abort
#6 0x7f98dd12005e QMessageLogger::fatal()
#7 0x7f98cef6b9e6 <unknown>
#8 0x7f98cef6bd22 <unknown>
#9 0x7f98cef6ded6 QQuickWidget::resizeEvent()
#10 0x7f98db7b87ad <unknown>
#11 0x7f98dc9787b2 QWidget::event()
#12 0x7f98cef6e84b QQuickWidget::event()
#13 0x7f98db7b89f6 <unknown>
#14 0x7f98dc93b63c QApplicationPrivate::notify_helper()
#15 0x7f98dc942987 QApplication::notify()
#16 0x7f98dd308028 QCoreApplication::notifyInternal2()
#17 0x7f98dc970f22 QWidgetPrivate::sendPendingMoveAndResizeEvents()
#18 0x7f98dc974a13 QWidgetPrivate::show_helper()
#19 0x7f98dc9749b7 QWidgetPrivate::showChildren()
#20 0x7f98dc974a2f QWidgetPrivate::show_helper()
#21 0x7f98dc977b65 QWidget::setVisible()
#22 0x7f98dc9749c8 QWidgetPrivate::showChildren()
#23 0x7f98dc974a2f QWidgetPrivate::show_helper()
#24 0x7f98dc977b65 QWidget::setVisible()
#25 0x562a86cd7f8d <unknown>
#26 0x562a86cd8fcb <unknown>
#27 0x7f98dd334181 QObject::event()
#28 0x7f98dc93b63c QApplicationPrivate::notify_helper()
#29 0x7f98dc942987 QApplication::notify()
#30 0x7f98dd308028 QCoreApplication::notifyInternal2()
#31 0x7f98dd30aabb QCoreApplicationPrivate::sendPostedEvents()
#32 0x7f98dd35cb63 <unknown>
#33 0x7f98d04b2497 g_main_context_dispatch
#34 0x7f98d04b26f0 <unknown>
#35 0x7f98d04b279c g_main_context_iteration
#36 0x7f98dd35c1af QEventDispatcherGlib::processEvents()
#37 0x7f98c6e47b81 <unknown>
#38 0x7f98dd30689a QEventLoop::exec()
#39 0x7f98dd30f424 QCoreApplication::exec()
#40 0x562a86cab549 <unknown>
#41 0x7f98d2e56830 __libc_start_main
#42 0x562a86caed3b <unknown>
r8: 0000000000000049 r9: 00007f98dd94e940 r10: 0000000000000008 r11: 0000000000000202
r12: 00007ffd973d2b00 r13: 0000562a88ddf060 r14: 0000562a8890ffc0 r15: 00007ffd973d3080
di: 00000000000086e9 si: 00000000000086e9 bp: 0000562a88ddf060 bx: 00007f98dd3f08a0
dx: 0000000000000006 ax: 0000000000000000 cx: 00007f98d2e6b428 sp: 00007ffd973d28e8
ip: 00007f98d2e6b428 efl: 0000000000000202 cgf: 002b000000000033 erf: 0000000000000000
trp: 0000000000000000 msk: 0000000000000000 cr2: 0000000000000000
[end of stack trace]
Calling _exit(1). Core file will not be generated.
[34595:34595:0100/000000.324496:ERROR:broker_posix.cc(43)] Invalid node channel message
Interestingly, my machine has no problem with rstudio-server 1.2.792, but cannot start rstudio-desktop.